Saturday, January 23, 2016

Discerning the Spirits of the Force, Episode I: What Inside Out Gets Right and Star Wars Gets Wrong



I love Star Wars.  It is fair to say that I was born and raised a Star Wars fan.  And even though my interest in the series began to wane when I began to discover its weaknesses, as I studied philosophy and theology (plus, my general disappointment with the prequels and multiple edited re-releases), I still happily retain a great deal of the positive themes and elements that can still be found, as well as simply enjoying years of entertainment and inspiration.  I’d be lying if I said that my Christmas break (which I was blessed to have, as a full time college chaplain) did not include three viewings of The Force Awakens, many conversations with friends and family about it, and reading articles, reviews and analyses, ranging in perspective from spiritual (here, here), to psychological (here), to fan-speculation (here).  And I enjoyed them all thoroughly and equally.




Among the key themes that mark the imminent value of these stories, these three have often stood out most to me:
1)      The Link Between Faith & Vocation: We all have greater potential than we often know and were made to do great things in life.  Yet, realizing this great calling and becoming the hero we were made to be involves beginning to believe in and entrust ourselves to something beyond ourselves (although, we will discuss some important fundamental differences between Christian faith and that portrayed in Star Wars).  And as we see boldly in the latest installment, realizing that this faith is not a fantasy, but that “It’s all true” changes everything.
2)      The “Father-Wound” & Family Ties:  Many have observed and written about the “Father-Wound” in human experience, from both psychological and spiritual perspectives.  Its roots are found in Eden, when we rejected our Father and first became alienated from Him, but reflections can be found throughout life experience and almost ad nauseum in stories found in pop culture.  The importance of this to Star Wars goes without saying.  Furthermore, other family ties are very important to the story and to understanding the development and growth of the characters.  While the pain of how these relationships are broken is strong, equally strong is the pull these inescapable relationships have upon us.
3)      Hope of Redemption: For me, this is actually the thing that stands out most powerfully.  The story of redemption in Return of the Jedi still moves me to this day, and I could not have been more thrilled to see it as a theme running so strongly through The Force Awakens, as we begin to realize how much pain and tragedy our heroes have experienced since last we saw them on the big screen, yet they are moved forward in a beautifully stubborn hope that redemption is still possible. 
Amidst all of these positive themes, however, I think it is also important to note some important flaws in the understanding of reality presented, which I think has influenced people in ways that deserves to be talked about a bit more often.  So, while I continue to love Star Wars, I think it is important to take an approach that I call discerning the spirits of the force (consider 1 John 4:1).  It is always important to take a critical approach to what we take in.  Many stories and other works of art that are flawed in some ways still have great value that should not be discounted.  But, we have to be very careful about sifting out the good from the bad, especially if we are persons of faith.  Otherwise we may fail to notice that when we thought we were noticing similarities to our faith, we were in fact adopting notions that are actually foreign to our faith, philosophically flawed, and can have a negative impact when we apply them in life.  These flaws can actually be found quite often in Star Wars.  Much of the “wisdom of the Jedi” holds some truth that is worth heeding.  But, some of these famous maxims are actually quite problematic.  The errors essentially all flow from the essential differences between Christian faith and “using the force” (which constitute the reasons I’m always a little leery about comparing the force to the Holy Spirit or grace):
1)      The Force is Not Personal: Our God is not a mysterious force or mystical energy that we tap into and reach out toward.  He is our Father who endlessly reaches out to us, even when we neglect, resist or ignore Him.  He is our Savior, Brother, and Friend.  He is three Persons in one God, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, perfectly united in relation to one another and seeking relationship with us.  This makes all the difference.
2)      The Force is Created: Some would contest this, and it may derive from inconsistencies in how it is explained in the movies, but if you listen closely to multiple descriptions in the movies, you are left with a distinct impression that the force is not the Creator, the Source of all being, but rather derives and flows from all living things.  This is quite different from our God, who is the Source of all creation and holds the beauty, order and design of reality, which He has imprinted upon it to reveal to us a glimpse of His own Beauty and Wisdom.
3)      The Force is a Form of Dualism:  I’ll be honest.  One of my pet peeves is when people reduce the symbolic and thematic value of adventure stories such as these by saying “it’s all about the struggle between good and evil” or “good always triumphs.”  This is not only because there are much deeper themes that are being overlooked, but also because sometimes it is precisely the “struggle between good and evil” that is being presented in a way that is sometimes very intriguingly nuanced and also sometimes very seriously flawed.  This is very true in Star Wars.  The force divides all of reality, including all reality that we may describe as “spiritual,” into light and dark, good and bad.  This is NOT a Christian understanding of reality.  It is my opinion that the majority of Christian commentators on these stories who neglect this point do so because they take for granted that people already understand this, as it has been pointed out time and time again.  Yet, I think it is a very subtle misunderstanding that creeps often unnoticed into our ways of understanding reality, including in Christian circles, leaving behind a trail of damage.  Reality is not composed of “good” and “bad.”  On the contrary, He (see point 1) created all things (see point 2) good.  Evil is a privation of, a lack of, or a departure from the proper good that God wills for all of creation, as dark is an absence of light.  Even Lucifer (Satan) was created good, but chose evil, by choosing to reject the good that is God’s will.  There are many problems with the dualistic understanding of reality.  Besides being an over-simplification that causes us to fail to appreciate the goodness and beauty of God’s creation, including the goodness and beauty of every person, however evil their actions, it can also cause us to fail to understand the subtlety of how evil actual works, as it leads to a failure to recognize lies as lies.  Inevitably, this dualism leads to an understanding that these two sides of reality are “held together” and destined to be “in balance”.  It becomes increasingly difficult to choose the truth and reject the lies, as these two realities begin to be revealed as simply opposed to one another – even though one is called “light,” neither one is actually clearly established as Truth, Goodness, and Beauty.  Thus, this dualism also leaves one vulnerable to moral relativism. 
As I said, flowing from these essential differences, a number of flaws can be found in the so-called wisdom of the Jedi, while some other snippets are still quite good.  The most significant problematic statement is perhaps Yoda’s famous quote, “Once you start down the dark path forever will it dominate your destiny.”  Admittedly, this might be intentional irony purposefully built into the story, since Luke seemingly proves him wrong in Return of the Jedi, both by reclaiming his father and by the fact that even Palpatine doesn’t argue with him when he claims “I’ll never turn to the Dark Side,” after succumbing to the temptations of two Sith multiple times (not to mention that Jedi seem to be okay with telling their apprentices what they feel they need to hear, even if it is effectively a lie, which could also be an indication of intentional irony).
But, the example that I want to focus on – as I finally come to the point of the subtitle of this entry – is another insistence of Yoda.  Multiple times in different forms, Yoda tells us that fear, anger, hatred and suffering all lead to the Dark Side, that they belong to the Dark Side.  On the contrary, Christian faith teaches us the redemptive value of suffering, which we begin to understand more deeply every time that we meditate prayerfully on Christ upon the cross.  Furthermore, the notion that certain emotions are essentially dark and always lead to evil is neither a psychologically nor a spiritually healthy approach to our emotions.  Here, we find the dualism of the Star Wars universe applied even to one’s emotions.  Part of the journey toward the point when we can finally experience the redemptive value of our suffering is that we must give ourselves, or be given, the permission to feel what we are feeling, however uncomfortable or “negative” it may be.  We have to learn to not simply reject certain emotions, but to process them – acknowledge them, relate them to God in prayer, and perhaps to a trusted spiritual guide, and follow His guidance in how to respond to them in a healthy manner.  Furthermore, Catholic spirituality would promote virtue, in which we develop habits of moderating our passions (especially through temperance) and ordering them toward the Good, rather than simply rejecting those deemed as negative. 


U of I's team of FOCUS Missionaries (and friend) recreating Inside Out for Halloween


  Meanwhile, one of my other tasks for Christmas break was to start on the “Father, you should watch this” list.  This led me to finally watch the recent Pixar film Inside Out, which personifies our emotions in a way that is simultaneously charming, delightful and hilarious, but also incredibly meaningful.  Not since Up have I watched an animated movie and immediately thought, “I’m going to want to watch that again… often.”  The point that I think Inside Out gets right, where Star Wars gets it wrong, is that the film is a delightful little parable about learning how to understand and navigate our emotions.  At the beginning of the film, Joy wants to run the show, yet she also understands that Anger, Fear and even Disgust serve a purpose.  Even more strikingly, however, is the climax of the movie.  In the midst of a very difficult trial, and at a key stage of growth and development for the child, Joy begins to understand the purpose of Sadness, and it becomes clear that both of these emotional experiences serve a purpose and can coexist.  Beautiful!  This ability to allow Joy and Sadness to coexist, and the ability to understand the purpose of even our less comfortable emotions, and to navigate them accordingly can all be signs of both emotional and spiritual maturity.
How often do we have difficulty understanding and navigating our emotions?  If it’s more often than we would like, maybe we should ask ourselves what kind of view of reality we bring with us.  Is it possible that we are a little bit influenced by a dualistic worldview, like that of Star Wars?  If so, thankfully, that same story also teaches us the hope of redemption never dies!  May our Loving Father, who has made all things good to allow us to glimpse His Goodness, restore and heal whatever has been broken and lost, in order that we may better reflect His Goodness and Beauty to the world.                

Thursday, January 21, 2016

Communio & Heroism: What the Avengers Have to Teach Us About Holiness (Archived Post)

      At the first Heart Speaking to Heart Symposium, in April 2015, at St. John's Catholic Newman Center at the University of Illinois, I gave the following presentation:    


  
        The rest of the videos from this symposium can be found here.

Wednesday, January 20, 2016

Working Towards The Step Out That Door: Another Review of Avengers: Age of Ultron (Archived Post)



       With recent – widely varying – reviews on Avengers: Age of Ultron by Fr. Mike Schmitz and Fr. Robert Barron, given the amount of conversations many of us had about it here at St. John’s Catholic Newman Center, I decided it was time for me to weigh in.  The only thing about Fr. Mike's review (here) is that I can't wholeheartedly say, "I thought it was great."  I really enjoyed it overall, and there were a number of things about it I absolutely loved.  Overall, I give it 4 (out of 5) stars and rank it as my 3rd favorite Marvel movie (after The Avengers and Captain America: Winter Soldier). And I think Fr. Mike has the right idea in that first of all these movies should be fun, and secondarily, they can be thought-provoking in how elements of reality are symbolized. Although, I would add that I do caution against under-thinking our entertainment; even if folks like me might be guilty of over-thinking it, it is far more dangerous to under-think it and completely miss that we are being fed lies that are effecting us in more ways than we often like to admit.  Well, let the over-thinking begin - and this is the point where I say WARNING: SPOILERS AHEAD.  


The opening night group pic with students from the Newman Center.
 
       There are at least three strong strikes against this movie that prevent me from loving it wholeheartedly: 1) Steve Rogers was not portrayed as a good man, worthy of respect, to the degree that he usually is, but as being more aloof and out of touch with reality, and eventually making little compromises in his integrity (this was bound to happen eventually, but it doesn't prevent me from hating it when it does - we need more good, moral examples to inspire us in movies, and when they show up, we should respect them and be challenged by them, not laugh at them). 
       2) Much of the humor (though not all) was raunchy, inappropriate, and sometimes directed against Christianity (they managed to keep the first one fairly clear of this, despite its presence in some of their other movies, like the Iron Man movies and Guardians of the Galaxy). 
       And lastly 3) the elements of Nietzchian philosophy seemingly proposed by the Vision and his role in the story, particularly in contrast with Stark and Ultron.  For this insight, I am grateful for the article by Fr. Barron (here).  He helped me put my finger on what it was that wasn't sitting right with me about the Vision, and his insights are important and noteworthy. 
       HOWEVER, I find his overall analysis of the movie to be a bit narrow and over-simplified (even frustratingly so).  One of the gifts of (director) Joss Whedon is to use the dynamic of each diverse character in the ensemble to offer different perspectives on themes of human life and society.  You should not look to a Whedon movie/show (or I would add to any good story) expecting that any one character has all the answers or is responsible for spoon-feeding us the message we are supposed to take from it.  I’m pretty confident that's not how Whedon operates, and I'm thankful for that.  That's what makes some of his works so interesting and well-crafted, and this is very true of Age of Ultron. 
       There are more interesting themes at work in this movie that are clearly intentional and important to his vision for the movie, before the Vision even comes into the picture (no pun intended).  Which leads me to WHAT I LOVE MOST ABOUT THIS MOVIE: beginning strictly from the perspective of a fan, one of the things I most wanted to see in this movie was some depth and characterization for Hawkeye, in a way that would also explain why we haven't seen or heard from him since the first Avengers movie.  Whedon pulled that off in a way that far exceeded my expectations.  The sequence toward the middle of the movie, which I will call "Hawkeye's Safehouse," looks to me to be the centerpiece of the movie; it becomes this beautiful collision point of each character's views on what "home" is, on how they understand the sense of belonging, purpose, and mission that they are striving for.  In this way, it becomes a point of reflection on the purpose of human existence in a deeper way than any Marvel movie to-date.  Furthermore, these are struggles that consistently underlie each character's motivations throughout the movie, and are woven throughout from beginning to end.  This is what I love about this movie. 
       Furthermore, I think even Fr. Barron's interpretation of the Vision himself finds its best response in the words of the Vision himself: "I don't think it's quite that simple."  While the "beyond good and evil" perspective that Barron warns against is seriously problematic and deceptive (and might be in Whedon's intentions and may or may not indicate where they go with it in the future), there is something very true about the notion that it's not always so simple as "Are you on our side?".  We must understand the difference between good and evil and be firm in our rejection of evil. But as Christians, we do ourselves a serious disservice when we lose sight of the messiness and fragility of the human condition, the complexity of our intentions, and the subtlety of evil.  It is true, in the context of this movie, that it's not as simple as "here are the good guys and here are the bad guys" ... and that's one of the reasons I think it reflects reality so well.  We all are made good, but broken, and we act out of that brokenness, sometimes... and sometimes we really mess things up.  Nonetheless, God offers us mercy, as well as the opportunity to learn from our mistakes, grow in grace and reset our hearts upon His saving mission, because we still have a part in it.  This is what the Sacrament of Reconciliation is for, because God loves us and made us to be His saints.  Thank God for that. 
        It reminds me of Hawkeye’s words to Wanda Maximoff.  We all may face times when everything has gone downhill very quickly, nothing makes sense and people we care about are hurting and all we can think is “This is my fault.”  But, at the end of the day (thanks to God’s mercy and grace, in reality), we have a choice.  We can succumb to our fear and shame, and remain inside as the evil, which we contributed to, assails those we love.  Or we can step out the door, and take up the mission of setting thing right (the mission of redemption accomplished by our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, in which we are called to take part, by virtue of our communion with Him).  So, as Hawkeye said, “You can stay in here if you want… but, as soon as you step out that door you’re” … a disciple of Jesus Christ and an agent of the Victory of His Resurrection.  Step out.  Let His Mercy show you who you are, so you can be the heroes this world needs. 

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Update: In repeat viewings, I have seen more value in the portrayal of Steve Rogers in this movie, which causes me to like the portrayal more and be less disappointed than I was when I wrote this review.  Although, I still think that his portrayal in each of the other movies is better than it is in Avengers: Age of Ultron.  Furthermore, further thought, discussion and repeat viewings have also caused me to become even more convinced that the notion that the Vision is simply a mouthpiece for Nietzchianism is an over-simplification.  Also, congratulations to Bishop Robert Barron on his episcopal consecration and appointment as Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles, since this review was written.  This is, indeed, a great gift to the Church, especially in Los Angeles. 


Previous Thoughts on the Avengers

Seven Principles (Archived Post)

              Over the years, I have developed a few principles that I try to apply both in my personal and pastoral engagement with pop culture.  These principles guide the content of this blog.

 Seven Principles for Christians Engaging Popular Stories:

(May apply for other forms of art in Pop Culture)

1.     Stay Grounded: “Nothing is more practical than finding God, than falling in love in a quite absolute, final way. What you are in love with, what seizes your imagination, will affect everything. It will decide what will get you out of bed in the morning, what you do with your evenings, how you spend your weekends, what you read, whom you know, what breaks your heart, and what amazes you with joy and gratitude. Fall in love, stay in love, and it will decide everything.” – attributed to Fr. Pedro Arrupe, S.J.
      - This is certainly in keeping with one of the most important elements of Jesuit spirituality, the "Principle and Foundation" of Saint Ignatius of Loyola's Spiritual Exercises, which states, "Man is created to praise, reverence, and serve God our Lord, and by this means, to save his soul.  All other things on the face of the earth are created for man, to help him fulfill the end for which he was created... and so in all things we should desire and choose only those which will best help us to attain the end for which we were created."  
2.     All Things Have Meaning: Expect nothing to be “just entertainment”
      (example here)
3.     Authentic Critique: Recognizing Both the Good and the Bad in a single work 
      (examples here, here, here)
a)     Acknowledging good in a work is not a complete stamp of approval
b)    Acknowledging faults is not a total rejection
4.     Learning to Listen
      (example here)
a)     C.S. Lewis drew the distinction between “using” and “receiving” in his book An Experiment in Criticism
b)    Be critical, but not overly defensive.  Pay attention, not only to possible answers being proposed, but the questions being asked.
c)     When you love someone, you listen. Not pretending to listen while you’re formulating your argument. Really listen. You listen especially to their heart, to the cry of their heart. When you love the culture, you listen to it. You try to hear it, to understand it, to hold it close. Listening is not agreeing, not condoning. It is merely saying, “Hearing you express the deep, inner murmurings of your heart is an honor for me. Thank you for sharing yourself with me.”” – Rebecca Cusey, Patheos blogger. Read more: here
5.     The Augustine Principle: You have made us for Yourself, O God, and our hearts are restless until they rest in You.
      (examples here, here, here, here)
a)     Humans were made for God + Art reflects human experience ⇒ The longing for Love, Truth, Goodness, Beauty, and Meaning will usually be found in art, even if not explicitly understood as directed toward God or coming from Him.
b)    Look for the human experience and desire expressed.  Consider how Christ fulfills that desire and sheds light on that experience.
6.     Two Stories, One Truth
      (examples here, here, here, here, here)
a)     Reality & Fiction reflect each other
b)    Compare & contrast the Hero/Main Character’s Story & Yours
7.     Knowing When To Let Go
      (example here)
a)     Just because it has meaning, doesn’t mean it will ultimately be good for us.
          b)    Even the meaningful things are only as good as their capacity to lead us to live well in reality with Christ.
          - And so, we come full-circle, by ending where we began, with Saint Ignatius's "Principle and Foundation," which continues, "man is to use these things to the extant that they will help him to attain his end... likewise, he must rid himself of them insofar as they prevent him from attaining it... and so in all things we should desire and choose only those which will best help us to attain the end for which we were created."